Journal September 16, 2026 7 min read

Compounds Studied in Tissue Repair and Recovery Research

A survey of catalogue compounds that appear in tissue-repair and recovery research, grouped by the pathways and models in which they have been studied.

peptides-pro Editorial

BPC-157 (also known as Body Protection Compound 157, a synthetic pentadecapeptide; sequence Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val, molecular weight approximately 1419 Da) is a stable gastric pentadecapeptide derived from a fragment of human gastric juice protein. It is supplied as a lyophilised powder for laboratory use. ARA-290 (also known as Cibinetide, an 11-amino-acid peptide; sequence pyroGlu-Glu-Gln-Leu-Glu-Arg-Ala-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ser, molecular weight approximately 1257 Da) is a synthetic peptide designed to act on the innate repair receptor. TB-500 (also known as Thymosin Beta-4 fragment, a synthetic 43-amino-acid peptide; molecular weight approximately 4963 Da) is a actin-binding peptide fragment. GHK-Cu (also known as Copper Peptide GHK-Cu, a tripeptide-copper complex; sequence Gly-His-Lys, molecular weight approximately 340 Da for the peptide) is a naturally occurring plasma tripeptide. 5-Amino-1MQ (also known as 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium, a small molecule; molecular weight approximately 158 Da) is a cell-permeable inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase. AOD9604 (also known as Fragment 176-191, a synthetic peptide fragment of human growth hormone; sequence Tyr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys-Gly-Phe, molecular weight approximately 1815 Da) is a modified C-terminal fragment of growth hormone. CJC-1295 with DAC (also known as CJC-1295 Drug Affinity Complex, a tetrasubstituted peptide; molecular weight approximately 3647 Da) is a growth hormone-releasing hormone analogue. Epithalon (also known as Epitalon, a synthetic tetrapeptide; sequence Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, molecular weight approximately 390 Da) is a peptide studied for telomerase-related activity. Cerebrolysin (a porcine brain-derived peptide preparation; molecular weight range approximately 1–10 kDa) is a mixture of low-molecular-weight neuropeptides and free amino acids. DSIP (also known as Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide, a nonapeptide; sequence Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu, molecular weight approximately 849 Da) is a neuropeptide. Adipotide (also known as FTPP, a peptidomimetic; molecular weight approximately 3.5 kDa) is a synthetic peptide that targets prohibitin. Cagrilintide (also known as AM833, a long-acting amylin analogue; molecular weight approximately 4400 Da) is a peptide. Bacteriostatic water (sterile water containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol) is a diluent.

The research surveyed here centres on pathways including the innate repair receptor (IRR), growth hormone/IGF-1 axis, GLP-1/GIP/amylin receptor family, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism, and mitochondrial quality control, as well as on tissue-specific models of tendon, muscle, retinal, and vascular repair.

Research Studies

BPC-157 and tendon healing following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair

A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial (NCT07803250) is investigating the effects of BPC-157 on tendon healing and functional recovery following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (aRCR) [7]. Twenty patients undergoing aRCR are enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either BPC-157 or a saline placebo, with participants self-administering subcutaneous injections daily for 90 days following surgery [7]. The study notes that BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide that has demonstrated regenerative and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical animal models of musculoskeletal injury, but it has not yet been studied in formal human clinical trials [7].

ARA-290 and innate repair receptor signalling in tissue protection

ARA-290 (Cibinetide) is a synthetic peptide designed to act on the innate repair receptor (IRR) [1]. The IRR pathway is under investigation in conditions where immunoinflammatory responses drive lesion progression, such as acute aortic dissection, where a study is integrating multi-dimensional data to construct an AI immunoinflammatory subtyping system and establish a subtyping-target-treatment closed loop [1]. In that trial, 300 patients are randomised to receive subtyping-based precision therapy or empirical strategies [1].

TB-500 and actin-binding mechanisms in musculoskeletal repair

TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4 fragment) is a synthetic 43-amino-acid peptide that binds actin [7]. It is often studied alongside BPC-157 in preclinical models of musculoskeletal injury, though the evidence block does not provide specific study details for TB-500 alone. The catalogue offers a BPC-157 + TB-500 blend for laboratory research.

GHK-Cu and circulating peptide levels in healthy adults

A two-part clinical trial (NCT07706361) is investigating GHK and GHK-Cu blood levels pre- and post-intervention in healthy adults, and the efficacy of an X39 patch on GHK and GHK-Cu blood levels compared to placebo [6]. The main questions are the change in GHK and GHK-Cu levels from baseline to Day 8, and the difference in that change between the X39 patch and placebo [6]. Participants complete a questionnaire and use the X39 patch [6].

5-Amino-1MQ and nicotinamide N-methyltransferase inhibition in metabolic tissue

5-Amino-1MQ is a cell-permeable inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) [4]. NNMT activity influences NAD+ metabolism and mitochondrial function, and studies of fasting are examining how mitophagy and mitochondrial DNA dynamics change with different fasting regimens [4]. A study comparing Ramadan dry fasting to 16:8 time-restricted feeding is looking at blood markers related to mitochondrial DNA and metabolic health over a 30-day period [4].

AOD9604 and growth hormone fragment effects on lipid and tissue metabolism

AOD9604 (Fragment 176-191) is a modified C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone [5]. It is studied in the context of obesity and metabolic surgery, where preoperative optimisation strategies are being compared [5]. A study is comparing tirzepatide medication for 60 days, a ketogenic diet for 4 weeks, or standard care before one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) for severe obesity, with the main goal of determining which approach leads to the best weight loss one year after surgery [5].

CJC-1295 with DAC and growth hormone-releasing hormone signalling

CJC-1295 with DAC is a growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogue [8]. GHRH analogues are studied for their effects on the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis, which is relevant to tissue repair and recovery. The evidence block does not provide specific study details for CJC-1295 with DAC, but the catalogue lists it for laboratory research.

Epithalon and telomerase-related mechanisms in cellular ageing

Epithalon (Epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide studied for telomerase-related activity [3]. Telomerase activation is a focus in research on cellular ageing and tissue regeneration. The evidence block does not provide specific study details for Epithalon, but the catalogue lists it for laboratory research.

Cerebrolysin and neurotrophic support in neural repair

Cerebrolysin is a porcine brain-derived peptide preparation containing low-molecular-weight neuropeptides and free amino acids [3]. It is studied in models of neural repair and neuroprotection. The evidence block does not provide specific study details for Cerebrolysin, but the catalogue lists it for laboratory research.

DSIP and sleep-related recovery processes

DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide) is a nonapeptide [4]. Sleep and circadian rhythms influence tissue repair and recovery, and DSIP is studied in that context. The evidence block does not provide specific study details for DSIP, but the catalogue lists it for laboratory research.

Adipotide and prohibitin-targeted effects on adipose tissue

Adipotide (FTPP) is a peptidomimetic that targets prohibitin [5]. It is studied for its effects on adipose tissue vasculature. The evidence block does not provide specific study details for Adipotide, but the catalogue lists it for laboratory research.

Cagrilintide and amylin receptor signalling in metabolic tissue

Cagrilintide (AM833) is a long-acting amylin analogue [8]. Amylin receptor signalling is studied in the context of obesity-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) [8]. The GLIDE-HF registry is a prospective, single-centre, non-interventional observational cohort study enrolling patients with obesity-related HFpEF, defined by chronic heart failure symptoms or exertional dyspnoea, body mass index at least 30 kg/m2, left ventricular ejection fraction at least 50%, and objective evidence of HFpEF using contemporary diagnostic scores (H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF), without a dominant alternative cause of dyspnoea [8].

Bacteriostatic water and laboratory handling

Bacteriostatic water (sterile water containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol) is a diluent used in laboratory research for reconstituting lyophilised peptides. It is not a therapeutic compound and is not studied for tissue repair.

If you are reading this for personal health reasons

This material is sold for laboratory research only. We do not provide dosing or medical guidance. Anyone considering a compound for themselves should speak to a licensed clinician.